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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<!-- $Id: index.shtml,v 1.394 2009/03/13 23:41:55 warthog9 Exp $ -->
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>The Linux Kernel Archives</title>
<link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="favicon.ico" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml"
title="Latest Linux Kernel Version RSS"
href="http://kernel.org/kdist/rss.xml" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="/kernel.css" type="text/css" />
</head>
<body>
<h1>The Linux Kernel Archives</h1>
<p class="headtext">
Welcome to the Linux Kernel Archives. This is the primary site
for the Linux kernel source, but it has much more than just
Linux kernels. <span style="font-size:75%"><a
href="faq">Frequently Asked Questions</a></span></p>
<div id="directory">
<table style="margin-top:10px">
<tr>
<td class="plain">
<table>
<tr>
<th colspan="2">
<a href="http://www.kernel.org">
<img src="/mirrors/countries/flags/us.png" width="61" height="32" hspace="10" alt="US" />
<img src="/mirrors/countries/flags/eu.png" width="48" height="32" hspace="10" alt="EU" />
</a>
</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Protocol</th>
<th>Location</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt">HTTP</a></td>
<td><a href="http://www.kernel.org/pub/">http://www.kernel.org/pub/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc959.txt">FTP</a></td>
<td><a href="ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/">ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="http://rsync.samba.org/">RSYNC</a></td>
<td>rsync://rsync.kernel.org/pub/</td>
</tr>
</table>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div id="versions">
<table class="kver">
<tr align="left">
<td>The latest stable version of the Linux kernel is:&nbsp;</td>
<td><b><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/patch-2.6.29.1.bz2">2.6.29.1</a></b></td>
<td>2009-04-02 20:57 UTC</td>
<td><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.29.1.tar.bz2">F</a></td>
<td><a href="/diff/diffview.cgi?file=%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fv2.6%2Fpatch-2.6.29.1.bz2">V</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Fstable%2Flinux-2.6.29.y.git;a=summary">C</a></td>
<td><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/ChangeLog-2.6.29.1">Changelog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr align="left">
<td>The latest <a href="/patchtypes/pre.html">prepatch</a> for the stable Linux kernel tree is:&nbsp;</td>
<td><b><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/testing/patch-2.6.30-rc1.bz2">2.6.30-rc1</a></b></td>
<td>2009-04-07 22:45 UTC</td>
<td><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/linux-2.6.29.tar.bz2">B</a></td>
<td><a href="/diff/diffview.cgi?file=%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fv2.6%2Ftesting%2Fpatch-2.6.30-rc1.bz2">V</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Ftorvalds%2Flinux-2.6.git;a=summary">C</a></td>
<td><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/testing/ChangeLog-2.6.30-rc1">Changelog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr align="left">
<td>The latest 2.4 version of the Linux kernel is:&nbsp;</td>
<td><b><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.4/patch-2.4.37.bz2">2.4.37</a></b></td>
<td>2008-12-02 08:13 UTC</td>
<td><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.4/linux-2.4.37.tar.bz2">F</a></td>
<td><a href="/diff/diffview.cgi?file=%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fv2.4%2Fpatch-2.4.37.bz2">V</a></td>
<td><a href="/diff/diffview.cgi?file=%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fv2.4%2Ftesting%2Fincr%2Fpatch-2.4.37-rc2-final.bz2">VI</a></td>
<td><a href="http://git.kernel.org/?p=linux%2Fkernel%2Fgit%2Fwtarreau%2Flinux-2.4.git;a=summary">C</a></td>
<td><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.4/ChangeLog-2.4.37">Changelog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr align="left">
<td>The latest 2.2 version of the Linux kernel is:&nbsp;</td>
<td><b><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.2/patch-2.2.26.bz2">2.2.26</a></b></td>
<td>2004-02-25 00:28 UTC</td>
<td><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.2/linux-2.2.26.tar.bz2">F</a></td>
<td><a href="/diff/diffview.cgi?file=%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fv2.2%2Fpatch-2.2.26.bz2">V</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.2/ChangeLog-2.2.26">Changelog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr align="left">
<td>The latest <a href="/patchtypes/pre.html">prepatch</a> for the 2.2 Linux kernel tree is:&nbsp;</td>
<td><b><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.2/testing/patch-2.2.27-rc2.bz2">2.2.27-rc2</a></b></td>
<td>2005-01-12 23:55 UTC</td>
<td><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.2/linux-2.2.26.tar.bz2">B</a></td>
<td><a href="/diff/diffview.cgi?file=%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fv2.2%2Ftesting%2Fpatch-2.2.27-rc2.bz2">V</a></td>
<td><a href="/diff/diffview.cgi?file=%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fv2.2%2Ftesting%2Fincr%2Fpatch-2.2.27-rc1-rc2.bz2">VI</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/v2.2/testing/patch-2.2.27.log">Changelog</a></td>
</tr>
<tr align="left">
<td>The latest <a href="/patchtypes/mm.html">-mm patch</a> to the stable Linux kernels is:&nbsp;</td>
<td><b><a href="/pub/linux/kernel/people/akpm/patches/2.6/2.6.28-rc2/2.6.28-rc2-mm1/2.6.28-rc2-mm1.bz2">2.6.28-rc2-mm1</a></b></td>
<td>2008-10-29 06:29 UTC</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td><a href="/diff/diffview.cgi?file=%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Fkernel%2Fpeople%2Fakpm%2Fpatches%2F2.6%2F2.6.28-rc2%2F2.6.28-rc2-mm1%2F2.6.28-rc2-mm1.bz2">V</a></td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p class="pvkey">
<b>F</b> = full source, <b>B</b> = patch baseline, <b>V</b> = view patch,
<b>VI</b> = view incremental, <b>C</b> = current <a href="changeset.html">changesets</a><br />
Changelogs are provided by the kernel authors directly. Please
don't write the webmaster about them.<br />
<a href="diff/config.html">Customize the patch viewer</a>
</p>
</div>
<h2 id="news">Site News</h2>
<ul>
<li class="newsitem">
<p>
December 31, 2008: <a href="http://patchwork.kernel.org">patchwork.kernel.org</a> is now available for
general use. It is currently only monitoring the Linux Kernel mailing-list, but should be useful to kernel
developers in dealing with patches flying across the wire.
</p>
</li>
<li class="newsitem">
<p>
September 19, 2008: mirrors.kernel.org has been flipped over to using our new GeoDNS based bind server (named-geodns).
This means that, at the dns query level, our servers will attempt to direct you to the nearest / fastest kernel.org
mirror for your request. This means that you no longer have to use mirrors.us.kernel.org or mirrors.eu.kernel.org
to generally route you to the right place. This does mean a change to mirrors.kernel.org no longer explicitly
pointing at mirrors.us.kernel.org. Additional information on named-geodns will be forth coming, check back here for
an addendum soon.
</p>
</li>
<li class="newsitem">
September 12, 2008: Thanks to
a <a href="http://www.linux-foundation.org/weblogs/jzemlin/2008/09/11/linux-foundation-expands-fellowship-program-to-support-kernel-developers/">fundraising
effort</a> by the <a href="http://www.linux-foundation.org/">Linux
Foundation</a>, John "warthog9" Hawley will be joining
kernel.org full time as administrator starting Monday, September
15. John has already been the primary administrator on a volunteer
basis for the past three years, and will now be able to devote all his
time toward kernel.org.
</li>
<li class="newsitem">
<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px;">
<a href="http://mirrors.eu.kernel.org/">
<img src="/flags/eu.png" width="48" height="32" alt="EU" />
</a>
</div>
<p>March 24, 2008: After far too long of a bringup,
<a href="http://mirrors.eu.kernel.org/"><strong>mirrors.eu.kernel.org</strong></a> is
now available. Again thanks to to <a href="http://www.hp.com/">Hewlett-Packard</a>,
<a href="http://www.isc.org/">ISC</a> and
<a href="http://www.umu.se/">Umeå Universitet</a>, we now have a full complement of
mirror servers in Amsterdam and Umeå.</p>
<p>Huge thanks to HP for donating two additional DL585 G5's
for this effort, and huge thanks to ISC and UMU for
volunteering to host our servers!</p>
</li>
<li class="newsitem">
<p>Aug 17, 2007: We have been recognized by the IRS as a
<a href="nonprofit.html">501(c)3 nonprofit corporation</a>.</p>
</li>
<li class="newsitem">
<div style="float: right; margin-left: 10px;">
<a href="http://www.eu.kernel.org/">
<img src="/flags/eu.png" width="48" height="32" alt="EU" />
</a>
</div>
<p>Jun 30, 2007: <strong>European servers!</strong> Thanks
to <a href="http://www.hp.com/">Hewlett-Packard</a>,
<a href="http://www.isc.org/">ISC</a> and
<a href="http://www.umu.se/">Umeå Universitet</a>, we are
introducing new kernel.org servers at ISC in Amsterdam and
Umeå Universitet, Sweden. These servers are available as a
round-robin as <a href="http://www.eu.kernel.org/">www.eu.kernel.org</a>,
<a href="ftp://ftp.eu.kernel.org/">ftp.eu.kernel.org</a>, and
rsync.eu.kernel.org.</p>
<p>Additionally, the
hostnames <a href="http://www.all.kernel.org/">www.all.kernel.org</a>,
<a href="ftp://ftp.all.kernel.org/">ftp.all.kernel.org</a>,
and rsync.all.kernel.org are worldwide round-robins among all
four servers.</p>
<p>We hope to have Geo- or BGP-based IP directing in the
future, and hope to soon provide additional services in
Europe.</p>
<p>Huge thanks to HP for donating two additional DL380 G5's
for this effort, and huge thanks to ISC and UMU for
volunteering to host our servers!</p>
</li>
<li class="newsitem">
The bandwidth graphs have now moved
<a href="http://cacti.kernel.org/graph_view.php?action=tree&amp;tree_id=2">here</a>.
</li>
<li class="newsitem">
<p>May 20, 2007: <strong>New servers!</strong>
We have received two new
<a href="http://h10010.www1.hp.com/wwpc/us/en/sm/WF05a/15351-15351-3328412-241644-241475-1121516.html?jumpid=reg_R1002_USEN">DL380 G5</a>
servers from <a href="http://www.hp.com/">Hewlett-Packard</a>.
These servers are dual quad-core Xeon E5335 servers with 16 GB
RAM per server, and 15000 RPM SAS disks. These servers have
replaced the old servers for all local-contents services (www,
ftp, and rsync); the old servers are now dedicated to running
<a href="http://mirrors.kernel.org/">mirrors.kernel.org</a>.</p>
<p>Once again, thanks to HP for your continued support of
kernel.org!</p>
</li>
<li class="newsitem">
Mar 13, 2007: <strong>10 years of kernel.org!</strong> The
Linux Kernel archives were <a href="970313.08.txt">announced to the world on March 13,
1997</a>. Thanks to everyone that has made kernel.org
possible over the years, our sponsors, staff volunteers and of
course the Linux community for making it a worthwhile effort
in the first place!
</li>
<li class="newsitem">
Feb 4, 2006:
<a href="http://www.hp.com/">Hewlett-Packard</a> has been kind
enough to replace our internal master server with a brand new
<a href="http://h18004.www1.hp.com/products/servers/proliantdl385/index.html">ProLiant&nbsp;DL385</a>
with a dual-core Opteron&nbsp;275 and 4&nbsp;GB of RAM. Once
again, huge thanks to HP!
</li>
<li class="newsitem">
Sep 30, 2005:
By popular demand, there is now a <a href="/faq/">kernel.org FAQ</a>.
</li>
<li class="newsitem">
Aug 21, 2003:
Please don't use <strong>finger.kernel.org</strong> for any
sort of automatic monitoring. The number of automatic bots
hitting this port is causing the finger daemon to shut down
more often than not. The same information is available from
<a href="/kdist/finger_banner">http://www.kernel.org/kdist/finger_banner</a>.
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="mirrors">The Linux Kernel Archives Mirror System</h2>
<p>To improve access for everyone, a number of
sites around the world have provided mirrors of this site, which
may be faster to use than the master archive itself. Please see
<a href="/mirrors/"><strong>http://www.kernel.org/mirrors/</strong></a> for
information about how to connect to a participating mirror site.</p>
<p>To guard against Trojan mirror sites, all files originating at
the Linux Kernel Archives are <a href="signature.html">cryptographically signed</a>. <em>If you are
getting a message that the verification key has expired, please
see <a href="signature.html#expire">this link.</a></em></p>
<h2 id="whatislinux">What is Linux?</h2>
<p>Linux is a clone of the operating system Unix,
written from scratch by Linus Torvalds with assistance from a
loosely-knit team of hackers across the Net. It aims towards
POSIX and <a href="http://www.unix-systems.org/">Single UNIX
Specification</a> compliance.</p>
<p>It has all the features you would expect in a modern
fully-fledged Unix, including true multitasking, virtual memory,
shared libraries, demand loading, shared copy-on-write executables,
proper memory management, and multistack networking including IPv4
and IPv6.</p>
<p>Although originally developed first for 32-bit x86-based PCs (386 or
higher), today Linux also runs on (at least) the
<a href="http://www.alphalinux.org/">Alpha AXP</a>,
<a href="http://www.ultralinux.org/">Sun SPARC</a>,
<a href="http://www.linux-m68k.org/">Motorola 68000</a>,
<a href="http://penguinppc.org/">PowerPC</a>,
<a href="http://www.arm.linux.org.uk/">ARM</a>,
<a href="http://linux-sh.org/">Hitachi SuperH</a>,
<a href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/linux390/">IBM S/390</a>,
<a href="http://www.linux-mips.org/">MIPS</a>,
<a href="http://www.parisc-linux.org/">HP PA-RISC</a>,
<a href="http://www.ia64-linux.org/">Intel IA-64</a>,
<a href="http://www.x86-64.org/">AMD x86-64</a>,
<a href="http://developer.axis.com/software/linux/">AXIS CRIS</a>,
<a href="http://www.linux-m32r.org/">Renesas M32R</a>,
<a href="http://www.avr32linux.org/">Atmel AVR32</a>,
<a href="http://uclinux-h8.sourceforge.jp/">Renesas H8/300</a>,
NEC V850,
<a href="http://www.linux-xtensa.org/">Tensilica Xtensa</a>,
and <a href="http://blackfin.uclinux.org/">Analog Devices Blackfin</a>
architectures; for many of these architectures in both 32- and
64-bit variants.</p>
<p>Linux is easily portable to most general-purpose 32- or 64-bit
architectures as long as they have a paged memory management unit
(PMMU) and a port of the GNU C compiler (gcc) (part of <a
href="http://gcc.gnu.org/">The GNU Compiler Collection, GCC</a>). Linux
has also been ported to a number of architectures without a PMMU,
although functionality is then obviously somewhat limited. See the
<a href="http://www.uclinux.org/">µClinux project</a> for more
info.</p>
<h2 id="newtolinux">New to Linux?</h2>
<p>If you're new to Linux, you don't want to download the kernel,
which is just a component in a working Linux system. Instead, you
want what is called a <em>distribution</em> of Linux, which is a
complete Linux system. There are numerous distributions available
for download on the Internet as well as for purchase from various
vendors; some are general-purpose, and some are optimized for
specific uses. We currently have mirrors of several distributions
available at <a href="http://mirrors.kernel.org/">mirrors.kernel.org</a>,
as well as a small collection of special-purpose distributions at
<a href="/pub/dist/">http://www.kernel.org/pub/dist/</a>.</p>
<p>Note, however, that most distributions are very large (several
gigabytes), so unless you have a <a href="fast.html">fast Internet
link</a> you may want to save yourself some hassle and purchase a
CD-ROM with a distribution; such CD-ROMs are available from a number
of vendors.</p>
<p><a href="http://mirrors.kernel.org/LDP/HOWTO/Installation-HOWTO/">The
Linux Installation HOWTO</a> has more information how to set up
your first Linux system.</p>
<h2 id="moreinfo">More Information</h2>
<p>There is much <a href="links.html">information about Linux on the web</a>.</p>
<h2 id="reportingbugs">Reporting Linux Kernel bugs</h2>
<p>Please see <a href="/pub/linux/docs/lkml/reporting-bugs.html"><strong>http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/lkml/reporting-bugs.html</strong></a>
if you want to report a Linux kernel bug. <em>Bug reports sent to
the kernel.org administrators will be ignored.</em></p>
<p>There is now a bugzilla setup at <a href="http://bugzilla.kernel.org">bugzilla.kernel.org</a>.
Currently this is for reporting kernel version 2.6 bugs only.</p>
<h2 id="mailinglist">Mailing list</h2>
<p>The Linux kernel is discussed on the
<em>linux-kernel</em> mailing list at <a href="http://vger.kernel.org/"><em>vger.kernel.org</em></a>. The FAQ
is available at <a href="/pub/linux/docs/lkml/"><strong>http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/docs/lkml/</strong></a>,
please read the FAQ before subscribing.</p>
<p>Although there is no official archive site, unofficial
archives of the list can be found at:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel"><strong>http://marc.info/?l=linux-kernel</strong></a></li>
<li><a href="http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/"><strong>http://www.ussg.iu.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/</strong></a></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="git">Development trees</h2>
<p>The Linux kernel, as well as several other pieces of software,
are maintained using the <a href="/pub/software/scm/git">git</a>
source code control system. For a more user-friendly wrapper around
git, see <a href="/pub/software/scm/cogito">Cogito</a>.</p>
<p>See <a href="http://git.kernel.org/">http://git.kernel.org/</a> for a list of
git repositories on <em>kernel.org</em>.</p>
<h2 id="crypto">Cryptographic Software</h2>
<p>Due to U.S. Exports Regulations, all
cryptographic software on this site is subject to the following
legal notice:</p>
<blockquote>
This site includes publicly available
encryption source code which, together with object code
resulting from the compiling of publicly available source code,
may be exported from the United States under License Exception
"TSU" pursuant to 15 C.F.R. Section 740.13(e).
</blockquote>
<p>This legal notice applies to <em>cryptographic software
only.</em> Please see the <a href="http://www.bis.doc.gov/">Bureau of Industry and Security</a> for
more information about current U.S. regulations.</p>
<p>Our servers are located in Corvallis, Oregon, USA; Palo Alto and San
Francisco, California, USA; Amsterdam, Netherlands; and Umeå, Sweden.
Use in violation of any applicable laws is prohibited.</p>
<h2 id="contact">Comments</h2>
<p>Before emailing kernel.org, please take a look at our
<a href="/faq/">kernel.org FAQ</a>.</p>
<p>For comments about <i>the web pages</i>, please send mail
to <a href="mailto:webmaster@kernel.org"><i>webmaster@kernel.org</i></a>.</p>
<p>For comments about <i>the file archive</i>, please send mail
to <a href="mailto:ftpadmin@kernel.org"><i>ftpadmin@kernel.org</i></a>.</p>
<p><b><i>Please do not send general Linux questions or bug
reports to these addresses. We do not have the resources to reply
to them. If your message does not relate to the operation of the
Linux Kernel Archives, it will be deleted without action. Because
of the volume of unsolicited email we receive, please add [KORG]
to the subject to avoid accidental deletion. Additionally, any
Content-Type other than text/plain will most likely be deleted
without action.</i></b></p>
<hr />
<p style="text-align:center;">
<small>This site is operated by the Linux Kernel Organization,
Inc., a <a href="nonprofit.html">501(c)3 nonprofit corporation</a>, with
support from the following sponsors.</small>
</p>
<hr />
<p id="sponsors">
<a href="http://www.isc.org/"><img src="logos/hostedatisc.png"
width="84" height="41" alt="Internet Systems Consortium" /></a>
&nbsp;
<a href="http://www.umu.se/"><img src="logos/umu60.png"
width="63" height="60" alt="Umeå Universitet" /></a>
&nbsp;
<a href="http://www.hp.com/"><img src="logos/hplogo.gif"
alt="HP" width="66" height="55" /></a>
&nbsp;
<a href="http://www.linux-foundation.org/"><img src="logos/lflogo-med.png"
alt="The Linux Foundation" width="108" height="33" /></a>
&nbsp;
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width="88" height="31" alt="Open Source Lab" /></a>
&nbsp;
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<p id="trademark">
Linux is a Registered Trademark of Linus Torvalds.<br />
<a href="legal.html">(Legal Notice)</a>
</p>
</body>
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